Exploring RPi

Introduction

USE COMMAND BELOW TO CONNECT TO REMOTE HOST

ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub [email protected]

Smart buildings, the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, smart energy, smart cities, human-computer interaction (HCI), cyber-physical systems, 3D printing, advanced vehicular systems

It is revolutionary that you can build a low-level electronics circuit and then install a Linux web server, using only a few short commands, so that the circuit can be controlled over the Internet.

The $ prompt indicates that a regular Linux user is executing a command, and a # prompt indicates that a Linux superuser is executing a command.

Raspberry Pi Basics

Raspberry Pi Hardware

Introduction to the Platform

The RPi models are capable general-purpose computing devices

are also capable physical computing

They are powerful computing devices. For example, the RPi 3 contains a 1.2 GHz ARM Cortex-A53 processor that can perform more than 700 million Whetstone instructions per second (MWIPS).

RPi Zero or Compute Module for deployment)

HATs (Hardware Attached on Top)

Who should Use the RPi

integrating high-level software and low-level electronics is not an easy task.

providing each type of reader with enough Linux, electronics, and software exposure to ensure that you can be productive, regardless of your previous experience level.

When to Use the RPi

The RPi is perfectly placed for the integration of high-level software and low- level electronics in any type of project.Whether you are planning to build an automated home management system, robot, multimedia display, Internet of 6 Part I ■ Raspberry Pi Basics Things (IoT) application, vending machine, or Internet-connected work of inter- active art, the RPi has the processing power to do whatever you can imagine of an embedded device.

When to NOT Use the RPi

The Linux OS was not designed for real-time or predictable processing., the RPi is not an ideal platform for real-time systems applica- tions.

the RPi can be used as the “central intelligence.”

The RPi platform is not ideal for project developments that are likely to be commercialized.

“ … only be used for the purposes of developing for, running or using a Raspberry Pi device.”

RPi Documentation

embedded Linux, software devel- opment, and general electronics,

• The Raspberry Pi Foundation website: www.raspberrypi.org
• ■ The Raspberry Pi Documentation: www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/.
• Broadcom BCM2835 ARM Peripherals Datasheet:
• m The BCM2836 Document

RPi Hardware

At their heart, the RPi boards use the Broadcom BCM2835, BCM2836, and BCM2837 system on a chip (SoC).

The Compute Module 3 contains the guts of a Raspberry Pi 3 (the BCM2837 processor and 1GB RAM) as well as an optional 4GB eMMC Flash device (which is the equivalent of the SD card in the Pi).

The new Compute Module 3+ sports the Broadcom BCM2837B0 chip, albeit clocked at 1.2GHz and with 1GB LPDDR2 SDRAM.

Raspberry Pi Versions

■ If you want to design your own PCB that uses the RPi (or multiple RPi boards), investigate the Compute module

The Raspberry Pi Hardware

On recent RPi models (A+, B+, 2, 3, and Zero), there are 40 pins in total on this header (2 × 20);

however, not all are available for general-purpose input/outputs (GPIOs). Several of the connections have a fi xed confi guration:

■ 4 pins are allocated to voltage supplies: 3.3 V (up to 50 mA) and to 5 V (up to 300 mA).

RPi Accessories

Important Accessories

External 5 V Power Supply (for Powering the RPi)

you should measure the voltage level on the RPi. On newer models, you use PP1 or PP2 and GND (or any of the metal shielded components

Micro-SD Card (for Booting an Operating System)

Class 10 or greater,

Ethernet Cable (for Network Connection)

Recommended Accessories

HDMI Cable (for Connection to Monitors/Televisions)

The RPi Zero uses USB On-The-Go (OTG) to connect to USB peripherals.

USB to Serial UART TTL 3.3 V (for Finding Problems)

• The black ground (GND) wire to Pin 6 on the GPIO header, which is the RPi GND pin
• The yellow receive (RXD) wire to Pin 8 (GPIO14) on the GPIO header, which is the UART transmit pin (TXD0)
• The orange transmit (TXD) wire to Pin 10 (GPIO15) on the GPIO header, which is the UART receive pin (RXD0)

The RPi is 3.3 V tolerant but makes a 5 V supply available on the GPIO header pins 2 and 4.

Optional Accessories

• USB Hub (to Connect to Many USB Devices)

Most RPi models have a built-in USB hub

One issue that you have to be aware of with powered USB hubs is that many are back feeding. Back feeding (back powering) is where a USB hub connected to the RPi hub (not the micro-USB power) supplies power back into the RPi through the RPi hub.

• Micro-HDMI to VGA adapters (for VGA Video and Sound)
• Wi-Fi Adapters (for Wireless Networking)
• USB Storage Devices (for Additional Storage)
• USB Webcam (for Capturing Images and Streaming Video)
• USB Keyboard and Mouse (for General-Purpose Computing)
• Cases (for Protecting the RPi)

HATs

HATs (Hardware Attached on Top)

Raspberry Pi Software

Linux on the RPi

high-end server owners might install Red Hat Enterprise, Debian, or OpenSUSE; desktop users might install Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, or Linux Mint. At the core of all distributions is a common Linux kernel, which was conceived and created by Linus Torvalds in 1991.

In deciding which Linux distribution to use for your embedded system plat- form, it would be sensible to choose one for which the following apply:

• stable and well supported.
• package manager
• The distribution is lean and suited to a low storage footprint.
• There is good community support for your particular device.
• There is device driver support for any desired peripherals.

Linux Distributions for the RPi

Raspbian, Ubuntu, OpenELEC, and Arch Linux

Debian (contraction of Debbie and Ian)

“Debian is the rock upon which Ubuntu is built.”

OpenElec distributions typically use a read-only fi le system (e.g., squashfs) for performance and reliability.

Create a Linux SD Card Image for the RPi

Use the dd disk cloning tool (carefully). First identify the device. It should appear as /dev/mmcblkXp1 or /dev/sddX under Linux, or /dev/rdiskX under Mac OS, where X is a number. You must be certain that X refers to the SD card to which you want to write the image—for example, check that the available capacity of the device (e.g., use cat /proc/partitions) matches the SD card capacity. Then using a terminal window use the dd command with root privileges, where if is the input fi le name and of is the output device name (a block size bs of 1M should work fi ne):

sudo dd bs=1M if=RPi_image_file.img of=/dev/XXX

Connecting to a Network

There are two main ways to connect to and communicate with the RPi over the network: using regular Ethernet or using an Ethernet crossover cable

Regular Ethernet

By default, the RPi is confi gured to request a Dynamic Host Confi guration Protocol (DHCP) IP address.In a home network environment, this service is usually provided by a DHCP server that is running on the integrated modem- fi rewall-router-LAN (or some similar confi guration) that connects the home to an Internet service provider (ISP).

• With a port-scanning tool: Use a tool like nmap

Issue the com- mand nmap -T4 -F 192.168.1.* to scan for devices on a subnet.

• With zero-configuration networking(Zeroconf

Zeroconf is a set of tools for hostname resolution, automatic address assignment, and service discovery.

By default the RPi Raspbian distribution uses an avahi service to support Zeroconf on your network, which makes the hostname visible.

systemctl status avahi-daemon

 avahi-daemon.service - Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/avahi-daemon.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2020-08-20 17:09:38 +06; 1 months 2 days ago
 Main PID: 354 (avahi-daemon)
   Status: "avahi-daemon 0.7 starting up."
    Tasks: 2 (limit: 4915)
   CGroup: /system.slice/avahi-daemon.service
           ├─354 avahi-daemon: running [raspberrypi.local]
           └─380 avahi-daemon: chroot helper

Aug 20 17:09:38 raspberrypi avahi-daemon[354]: No service file found in /etc/avahi/services.
Aug 20 17:09:38 raspberrypi avahi-daemon[354]: Network interface enumeration completed.
Aug 20 17:09:38 raspberrypi systemd[1]: Started Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack.
Aug 20 17:09:38 raspberrypi avahi-daemon[354]: Server startup complete. Host name is raspberrypi.local. Local service
Aug 20 17:11:27 raspberrypi avahi-daemon[354]: Joining mDNS multicast group on interface wlan0.IPv6 with address fe80
Aug 20 17:11:27 raspberrypi avahi-daemon[354]: New relevant interface wlan0.IPv6 for mDNS.

• With a USB-to-TTL serial connection:

A fi nal option is to use a USB-to- TTL serial connection to connect to the RPi and type ifconfig to fi nd the IP address. The address is the “inet addr” associated with the eth0 adapter.

Ethernet Crossover Cable

Communicating with the RPi

fter you have networked the RPi, the next thing you might want to do is communicate with the RPi. You can connect to the RPi using either a serial connection over USB-to-TTL or a network connection,

The network connection should be your main focus, because that type of con- nection provides your RPi with full Internet access.

Serial Connection with the USB-to-TTL 3.3V Cable

Serial connections are particularly useful when the RPi is close to your desk- top computer and connected via a USB-to-TTL cable

It can also be used to confi gure wireless networking on an RPi device that does not have wired network support.

A terminal emulator is included by default under Mac OS X (e.g., use a command such as screen /dev/cu.usbserial-XXX 115200)

To connect to the RPi over the USB-to-TTL serial connection, you need the following information:

• Port number:
• Connection speed: By default, you need to enter 115,200 baud to connect to the RPi.
• Other information you may need for other terminal applications: Data bits = 8; Stop bits = 1; Parity = none; and Flow control = XON/XOFF.

On a Linux desktop computer, you can install the screen program and con- nect to the USB-to-TTL device with these commands:

sudo apt-get install screen
screen /dev/cu.usbserial-XXX/ 115200

Connecting Through Secure Shell (SSH)

Secure Shell (SSH) on port 22

• ■ Log in remotely to the RPi and execute commands.
• ■ Transfer fi les to and from the RPi using the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP).
• ■ Forward X11 connections, which allows you to perform virtual network computing.

Transferring Files Using PuTTY/psftp over SHH

It supports serial and SSH connections

Controlling the RPi

Basic Linux Commands

uname -a
Linux raspberrypi 5.4.51-v7l+ #1333 SMP Mon Aug 10 16:51:40 BST 2020 armv7l GNU/Linux

X.Y.Z.

X number changes only rarely

The Y value used to change rarely (every 2 years or so)

The Z value changes regularly.

Next, you could use the passwd command to set a new password for the pi user account:

passwd

more /etc/issue Returns the Linux distribution you are using

╰─❯ more /etc/issue
Raspbian GNU/Linux 10 \n \l

ps -p $$ Returns the shell you are currently using (e.g., bash)

ps -p $$      
  PID TTY          TIME CMD
 9026 pts/0    00:00:12 zsh

whoami Returns who you are currently logged in as

uptime Returns how long the system has been running

top Lists all of the processes and programs executing. Press Ctrl+C to close the view.

uptime  
 17:13:31 up  2:07,  2 users,  load average: 0.06, 0.04, 0.00

Finally, you can fi nd out specifi c information about your RPi using the hostnamectl application, which can be used to query and change some system settings (e.g., the chassis description and hostname):

╰─❯ hostnamectl
   Static hostname: raspberrypi
         Icon name: computer
        Machine ID: a176c5fc4d874855b8cd38221facb879
           Boot ID: fca3d3ecf7f2468888f6986cf234996c
  Operating System: Raspbian GNU/Linux 10 (buster)
            Kernel: Linux 5.4.51-v7l+
      Architecture: arm

Basic File System Commands

When using Raspbian/Debian and Ubuntu user accounts, you often must prefi x certain commands with the word sudo. That is because sudo is a program that allows users to run programs with the security privileges of the superuser.

Get the calendar cal Display a text-based calendar. cal 04 2016

❯ cal
   September 2020
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
       1  2  3  4  5
 6  7  8  9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30

Sometimes it is possible to recover fi les that are lost through accidental deletion if you use the extundelete command immediately after the deletion.

sudo apt install extundelete

Environtment Variables

Environment variables are named values that describe the confi guration of your Linux environment, such as the location of the executable fi les or your default editor.

To get an idea of the environment variables that are set on the RPi, issue an env call, which provides a list of the environment variables on your account. Here, env is called on the Raspbian image:

env        
SHELL=/bin/bash
LSCOLORS=Gxfxcxdxbxegedabagacad
COLORTERM=truecolor
PYENV_SHELL=zsh
LESS=-R
TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION=1.49.0
APPLICATION_INSIGHTS_NO_DIAGNOSTIC_CHANNEL=true
LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
SSH_AUTH_SOCK=/tmp/ssh-hKrZ0iJ2qdTw/agent.5273
P9K_TTY=old
SSH_AGENT_PID=5274
NO_AT_BRIDGE=1
PWD=/home/pi/Desktop
PYENV_VIRTUALENV_INIT=1
LOGNAME=pi
XDG_SESSION_TYPE=tty
VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_NODE=/home/pi/.vscode-server/bin/e790b931385d72cf5669fcefc51cdf65990efa5d/node
HOME=/home/pi
LANG=en_US.UTF-8
LS_COLORS=rs=0:di=01;34:ln=01;36:mh=00:pi=40;33:so=01;35:do=01;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=40;31;01:mi=00:su=37;41:sg=30;43:ca=30;41:tw=30;42:ow=34;42:st=37;44:ex=01;32:*.tar=01;31:*.tgz=01;31:*.arc=01;31:*.arj=01;31:*.taz=01;31:*.lha=01;31:*.lz4=01;31:*.lzh=01;31:*.lzma=01;31:*.tlz=01;31:*.txz=01;31:*.tzo=01;31:*.t7z=01;31:*.zip=01;31:*.z=01;31:*.dz=01;31:*.gz=01;31:*.lrz=01;31:*.lz=01;31:*.lzo=01;31:*.xz=01;31:*.zst=01;31:*.tzst=01;31:*.bz2=01;31:*.bz=01;31:*.tbz=01;31:*.tbz2=01;31:*.tz=01;31:*.deb=01;31:*.rpm=01;31:*.jar=01;31:*.war=01;31:*.ear=01;31:*.sar=01;31:*.rar=01;31:*.alz=01;31:*.ace=01;31:*.zoo=01;31:*.cpio=01;31:*.7z=01;31:*.rz=01;31:*.cab=01;31:*.wim=01;31:*.swm=01;31:*.dwm=01;31:*.esd=01;31:*.jpg=01;35:*.jpeg=01;35:*.mjpg=01;35:*.mjpeg=01;35:*.gif=01;35:*.bmp=01;35:*.pbm=01;35:*.pgm=01;35:*.ppm=01;35:*.tga=01;35:*.xbm=01;35:*.xpm=01;35:*.tif=01;35:*.tiff=01;35:*.png=01;35:*.svg=01;35:*.svgz=01;35:*.mng=01;35:*.pcx=01;35:*.mov=01;35:*.mpg=01;35:*.mpeg=01;35:*.m2v=01;35:*.mkv=01;35:*.webm=01;35:*.ogm=01;35:*.mp4=01;35:*.m4v=01;35:*.mp4v=01;35:*.vob=01;35:*.qt=01;35:*.nuv=01;35:*.wmv=01;35:*.asf=01;35:*.rm=01;35:*.rmvb=01;35:*.flc=01;35:*.avi=01;35:*.fli=01;35:*.flv=01;35:*.gl=01;35:*.dl=01;35:*.xcf=01;35:*.xwd=01;35:*.yuv=01;35:*.cgm=01;35:*.emf=01;35:*.ogv=01;35:*.ogx=01;35:*.aac=00;36:*.au=00;36:*.flac=00;36:*.m4a=00;36:*.mid=00;36:*.midi=00;36:*.mka=00;36:*.mp3=00;36:*.mpc=00;36:*.ogg=00;36:*.ra=00;36:*.wav=00;36:*.oga=00;36:*.opus=00;36:*.spx=00;36:*.xspf=00;36:
GIT_ASKPASS=/home/pi/.vscode-server/bin/e790b931385d72cf5669fcefc51cdf65990efa5d/extensions/git/dist/askpass.sh
SSH_CONNECTION=fe80::4e3:9a7b:8339:f623%wlan0 51234 fe80::8c00:66a3:3097:8770%wlan0 22
XDG_SESSION_CLASS=user
TERM=xterm-256color
ZSH=/home/pi/.oh-my-zsh
USER=pi
VSCODE_GIT_IPC_HANDLE=/run/user/1000/vscode-git-4bdcf29e4c.sock
AMD_ENTRYPOINT=vs/server/remoteExtensionHostProcess
SHLVL=4
PAGER=less
XDG_SESSION_ID=c4
XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/run/user/1000
SSH_CLIENT=fe80::4e3:9a7b:8339:f623%wlan0 51234 22
VERBOSE_LOGGING=true
P9K_SSH=1
LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8
VSCODE_GIT_ASKPASS_MAIN=/home/pi/.vscode-server/bin/e790b931385d72cf5669fcefc51cdf65990efa5d/extensions/git/dist/askpass-main.js
PATH=/home/pi/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/bin:/home/pi/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/bin:/home/pi/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/bin:/home/pi/.pyenv/plugins/pyenv-virtualenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/shims:/home/pi/.pyenv/bin:/home/pi/.vscode-server/bin/e790b931385d72cf5669fcefc51cdf65990efa5d/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/games:/usr/games
PIPE_LOGGING=true
DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/run/user/1000/bus
MAIL=/var/mail/pi
OLDPWD=/home/pi/Desktop
TERM_PROGRAM=vscode
TEXTDOMAIN=Linux-PAM
VSCODE_IPC_HOOK_CLI=/tmp/vscode-ipc-0bc39906-31b1-4eca-9b80-b3a7554a88c0.sock
_=/usr/bin/env

Basic File Editing

What Time Is It?

╰─❯ date
Tue 22 Sep 2020 05:19:58 PM +06

The answer is that they could not. Unlike a desktop computer, the RPi has no battery backup to ensure that the BIOS settings are retained; in fact, there is no BIOS!

but for the moment, you need a way to set the time, and for that you can use the Network Time Protocol (NTP)

The NTP is a networking protocol for synchronizing clocks between computers. If your RPi has the correct time, that is only because your RPi is obtaining it from your network using an NTP service that is running the board:

After setting the time, you can set your time zone.

sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

─❯ sudo dpkg-reconfigure tzdata

Current default time zone: 'Asia/Almaty'
Local time is now:      Tue Sep 22 17:21:49 +06 2020.
Universal Time is now:  Tue Sep 22 11:21:49 UTC 2020.

If your RPi is not connected to the Internet, you can manually set the date using the timedatectl tool:

sudo timedatectl set-time '2017-1-2 12:13:14'

a battery-backed real-time clock (RTC) can be connected to the RPi to solve that problem.

A package manager is a set of software tools that automate the process of installing, confi guring, upgrading, and removing software packages from the Linux operating system.

buntu and Raspbian/Debian use APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) over DPKG (Debian Package Management System)

• Is nano installed? dpkg-query -l | grep nano

• Is a package containing the string nano available? apt-cache search nano

• Get more information about a package. apt-cache show nano

• Download a package to the current directory. apt-get download nano

• Remove a package. sudo apt remove nano

• Clean up old packages. sudo apt-get autoremove

  sudo apt-get clean

Wavemon is a useful tool that you can use in confi guring Wi-Fi connections

╰─❯ apt-cache search wavemon
wavemon - Wireless Device Monitoring Application

sudo apt install wavemon

Configuring the Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi Configuration Tool

Updating the RPi Software

Video Output

Interacting with the Onboard LEDs

Shutdown and Reboot

Summary

Exploring Embedded Linux Systems

Introducing Embedded Linux

Advantages and Disadvantages of Embedded Linux

Is Linux Open Source and Free?

Booting the RPi

Managing Linux Systems

The Super User

System Administration

Linux Commands

Linux Processes

Other Linux Topics

Using Git for Version Control

A Practice-Bases Introduction

Git Branching

Common Git Commands

Using Desktop Virtualization

Summary

Further Reading

Bibliography

Interfacing Electronics

Analyzing Your Circuits

Digital Multimeter

Oscilloscopes

Basic Circuit Principles

Voltage, Current, Resistance and Ohm’s Law

Voltage Division

Current Division

Implementing RPi Circuits on a Breadboard

Digital Multineters and Breadboards

Example Circuit: Voltage Regulation

Discrete Components

Diodes

Light-Emitting Diodes(LEDs)

Transistors

Optocouplers/Opto-isolators

Switches and Buttons

Logic Gates

Analog-to-Digital Conversion

Sample Rate

Quantization

Operational Amplifiers

Concluding Advice

Summary

Further Reading

Programming on the Raspberry Pi

Introduction

Performance of Languages on the RPi

Setting the RPi CPU Frequency

A First Circuit for Physical Computing

Scripting Languages

Scripting Language Options

Bash

Lua

Perl

Python

Dynamically Compiled Languages

Javascript and Node.js on the RPi

Java on the RPi

C and C++ on the RPi

C and C++ Language Overview

LED Control in C

The C of C++

Overview of Object-Oriented Programming

Objected-Oriented LED Control in C++

Interfacing to the Linux OS

Glibc and Syscall

Improving the Performance of Python

Cython

Extending Python with C/C++

Summary

Further Reading

Biblography

Interfacing, Controlling and Communicating

Interfacing to the Raspberry Pi Input/Outputs

Introduction

General-Purpose Input/Outputs

GPIO Digital Output

GPIO Digital Input

Internal Pull-Up and Pull-Down Resistors

Interfacing to Powered DC Circuits

C++ Control of GPIOs Using sysfs

More C++ Programming

An Enhanced GPIO Class

Memory-Based GPIO Control

GPIO Control Using devmem2

GPIO Control Using C and /dev/mem

Changing the Internal Resistor Configuration

WiringPi

Installing WiringPi

The GPIO Commmand

Programming with WiringPi

Button Press - LED Response

Comunicating ti One-Wire Sensors

PWM and General Purpose Clocks

GPIOs abd Permissions

Wiring udev Rules

Permissions and WiringPi

Summary

Cross-Compilation

Setting Up a Cross-Compilation Toolchain

The Linaro Toolchain for Raspbian

Debian Cross-ToolChain

Cross Compilation Using IDE

Installing Eclipse on Desktop Linux

Configuring Eclipse for Cross-Compilation

Remote System Explorer

Integrating Github into Eclipse

Remote Debugging

Automatic Documentation (Doxygen)

Building Linux

Downloading the Kerner Source

Building the Linux Kernel

Deploying the Linux Kernel

Building a Linux Distribution (Advanced)

Summary

Further Reading

Interfacing to the Raspberry Pi Buses

Introduction to Bus Communication

I2C

I2C Hardware

An I2C Test Circuit

Using Linux I2C Tools

I2C Communication in C

Wrapping I2C Devices with C++ Classes

SPI

SPI Hardware

SPI on the RPi

A First SPI Application (74HC595)

Birirectional SPI COmmunication in C/C++

Multiple SPI Slave Devices on the RPi

UART

The RPi UART

UART Examples in C

UART Application -GPS

Logic-Level Translation

Summary

Further Reading

Enhancing the Input/Output Interfaces on the RPi

Introduction

Analog-toDigital Conversion

SPI Analogto-Digital Converters (ADCs)

ADC Application: An Analog Light Meter

Testing the SPI ADC Performance

The C Library for BCM2385 (Advanced)

Digital to Analog Conversion

An I2C Digital to Analog Converter

An SPI Digital to Analog Converter

Adding PWM Outputs to the RPi

Extending the RPi GPIOs

The MCP23017 and the I2C Bus

The MCP23S17 and the SPI Bus

A C++ Class for the MCP23X17 Devices

Adding UARTs to the RPi

Summary

Interfacing with the Physical Environtment

Interfacing to Actuators

DC Motors

Stepper Motors

Relays

Interfacing to Analog Sensors

Linear Analog Sensors

Nonlinear Analog Sensors

Analog Sensor Signal Conditioning

Interfacing to an Analog Accelerometer

Interfacing to Local Displays

MAX7219 Display Modules

Character LCD Modules

OLED Dot-Matrix Display

Building C/C++ Libraries

Makefiles

CMake

Summary

Real-Time Interfacing Using the Arduino

The Arduino

An Arduino Serial Slave

A UART Echo Test Example

UART Command Control of an Arduino

An Arduino I2C Slave

An I2C Test Circuit

I2C Register Echo Example

I2C Temperature Sensor Example

I2C Temperature Sensor with a Warning LED

Arduino Slave Communication Using C/C++

An I2C Ultrasonic Sensor Application

An Arduino SPI Slave

Programming the Arduino From the RPi Command Line

Summary

Advanced Interfacing and Interaction

The Internet of Things

The Internet of Things(IoT)

The RPi as an IoT Sensor

The RPi as a Sensor Web Server

Nginx

GNU Cgicc Applications (Advanced)

A C/C++ Web Client

Network Communications Primer

A C/C++ Web Client

Secure Communication Using OpenSSL

The RPi as a “Thing”

ThingSpeak

The Linux Cron Scheduler

Sending E-mail from RPi

If This Then That (IFTTT)

Large-Scale IoT Frameworks

MQ Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

IBM Bluemix Internet of Things

An IBM IoT MQTT Node.js Publish Example

An IBM IoT MQTT C++ Publish Example

Visualize Data Using IBM Quickstart

The C++ Client/Server

IoT Device Management

Remote Monitoring of the RPi

RPi Watchdog Timers

Static IP Addresses

Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Summary

Wireless Communication and Control

Introduction to Wireless Communications

Bluetooth Communications

Installing a Bluetooth Adapter

Android App development with Bluetooth

Wi-Fi Communications

Installing a W-Fi Adapter

The NodeMU Wi-Fi Slave Processor

ZigBee Communications

Introduction to XBee Devices

XBee Configuration

An Xbee AT Mode Example

An Xbee API Mode Example

Near Field Communication

Summary

Raspberry Pi with a Rich User Interface

Rich UI RPi Architectures

The RPi as a General-Purpose Computer

RPi with an LCD Touchscreen

Virtual Network Computing (VNC)

Fat-Client Applications

Rich UI Application Development

Introduction to GTK+ on the RPi

INtroduction to QT on the RPi

QT Primer

QT Concepts

QT Development Tools

A First QT Creator Example

A QT Weather GUI Application

Remote UI Application Development

Fat-Client QT GUI Application

Multithreaded Server Applications

The Multithreaded Weather Server

Summary

Further Reading

Images, Video and Audio

Capturing Images and Video

The RPi Camera

USB Webcams

Video4Linux2 (V4L2)

Streaming Video

Image Processing and Computer Vision

Image Processing with OpenCV

Computer Vision with OpenCV

Boost

RPi Audio

Core Audio Software Tools

Audio Devices for RPi

Text-to-Speech

Summary

Further Reading

Kernel Programming

Introduction

Why Write Kernel Modules?

Loadable Kernel Module (LKM) Basics

A First LKM Makefile

The LMK Makefile

Building the LKM on a Linux Desktop Machine

BUilding the LKM on the RPi

Testing the First LKM Example

An Embedded LKM Example

Interrupt Service Routines(ISRs)

Performance

Enhanced BUtton GPIO Driver LKM

The kobject Interface

Enhanced LED GPIO Driver LKM

Kernel Threads

Conclusions

Summary